Allloying Elements and its Effect

 

1. Carbon : strength 

2. Sulphur : Residual elements 

3. Phosphorus:Residual elements 

4. Nickel : Low temperature application

5. Vanadium: Strength 

6. Aluminum:Grain refiner, toughness,  

7. Manganese: Toughness 

8. Chromium: corrosion resistance 

9. Molybdenum:1% is for creep resistance 

10. Titanium: Grain refiner,  micro-allowing   element (strength and toughness)

11. Copper : weathering steel. 

12. Silicon: <0.3% deoxidizer

13. Niobium: Grain refiner, micro-allowing element (strength and toughness)